Focus on the Audit Opinion | 关注审计意见 2 - Audit Opinions and Emphasis of Matter Paragraphs
Updated: May 8
In 2020, AirAsia Group Bhd’s external auditor issued an unqualified audit opinion on the material uncertainty relating to the group’s going concern in view of the current economic condition and the Covid-19 pandemic.
The unqualified audit opinion states that the financial statements of AirAsia for the financial year ended 31 December 2019 are true and fair and in compliance with financial reporting standards and statutory requirements in all material aspects.
"These events or conditions indicate the existence of material uncertainties that may cast significant doubt on the group's and the company’s ability to continue as a going concern," said Ernst & Young (the auditors said).
As an investor, you might be wondering what is above all about.
Purpose of a financial statement audit
A financial statement audit is an objective examination and evaluation of a company's financial statements by an independent auditor to ensure that they represent the transactions fairly and accurately.
The purpose of this audit is to provide assurance to the stakeholders, including investors and shareholders, that the financial statements are reliable and can be used to make informed economic decisions. The auditor will issue its opinion on the financial statements after completing the audit.
Audit Opinions
Audit opinions play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and transparency of the financial statements of listed companies.
Investors and stakeholders rely on audit opinions to evaluate a company's financial health and make informed investment decisions.
Types of Audit Opinions
Auditors issue two types of audit opinions:
clean;
modified opinions.
A clean opinion (unmodified/unqualified opinions) means that the financial statements are free from material misstatements and accurately reflect the company's financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In contrast, a modified opinion means that the financial statements are materially misstated, either due to a limitation in the scope of the audit or due to a disagreement with management on accounting principles or disclosures.
There are several types of modified opinions, including:
Qualified Opinion
A qualified opinion is issued when the financial statements are materially misstated but not to the extent that they are considered to be misleading as a whole.
The auditor may not have obtained sufficient evidence, or there may be a disagreement with management on accounting principles or disclosures.
Adverse Opinion
An adverse opinion is issued when the financial statements are materially misstated and are considered to be misleading as a whole.
This opinion indicates that the financial statements are not in compliance with the applicable financial reporting framework and that the auditor has significant reservations about the company's financial health.
Disclaimer of Opinion
A disclaimer of opinion is issued when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient evidence to form an opinion on the financial statements. This may occur when there is a limitation on the scope of the audit, such as the inability to obtain access to certain documents or information.
The Emphasis of Matter Paragraphs
Auditors can also modify the audit report without modifying the opinion by adding additional paragraphs to draw users’ attention to specific significant matters.
For example, if the auditors believe that some aspect of the financial statements is subject to a material degree of uncertainty—even if fully disclosed—then they may draw attention to and emphasise this in the audit report.
This is widely known as an emphasis of matter paragraph.
The EOM paragraph explains the matter being emphasised and references where relevant disclosures can be found.
In summary, the audit opinion reflects the auditor's conclusion regarding the fairness of the financial statements, while the EOM paragraph enhances the understanding of the users of the financial statements.
Both elements provide transparency and clarity to the financial reporting process.
Conclusion
When auditors cannot express an opinion or issue a disclaimer of opinion, it may suggest that the financial statements lack reliability.
Investors should avoid companies with such audit opinions.
However, if investors have a keen interest in a particular company and such audit opinions have been issued in previous years, it is recommended that they scrutinise the evolution of audit opinion types over the last few years and assess whether there have been instances of auditors with better reputations replacing previous ones in the company's history. This exercise can illuminate investors' decision-making process.
It is worth noting that the importance of auditing in the evolving financial reporting landscape has not diminished during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has only underscored the need for auditors to adapt to changing stakeholder demands.
总结:
碰到审计师无法表示意见和否定意见时，通常对于财务报表的可信赖度亮了红灯。
投资者遇到这类审计意见的时候通常都会“绕路而行”。
但如果投资者对于相关公司的投资意愿非常强烈，同时这类审计意见存在于被投资公司的过去年度，当年年度的审计意见类型已经得以“净化”，那么，应当从时间轴上多看看过去几年审计意见类型的变化过程，同时观察其历史上是否存在将市场声誉较好的审计师替换的现象，这可以给投资者带来一定的启发。
值得注意的是，在COVID-19大流行期间，审计在不断变化的财务报告环境中的重要性并没有减少。它只是强调了审计师需要适应不断变化的利益相关者的需求。